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C1 Advanced · Reading & Use of English · Reading (Parts 5–8)

Part 7 · Gapped text

Se han quitado 6 párrafos de un texto largo; hay 7 opciones y sobra una. Evalúa la coherencia y la estructura del texto.

Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)Reading and Use of EnglishPeso: 26 questions · Parts 5–7 = 2 marks each
Practicar Part 7 · Gapped text gratis18 preguntas originales de esta destreza, con corrección al instante.

Qué evalúa

Se han quitado 6 párrafos; colócalos (sobra uno). Evalúa coherencia y estructura.

Claves

Estrategia paso a paso

Trampas habituales

Ejemplo resuelto

'I promised it would be ready in a fortnight.' → next: 'It was ready in four months.'

Preguntas de ejemplo

Intenta responder antes de abrir la solución. Las preguntas están en el idioma del examen.

Pregunta 1

Dificultad fácil≈ 3 min

Part 7 · Time well spent

You are going to read an article in which a man describes how he took up clock repair as a hobby.

The first clock I ever took apart belonged to my grandfather. I was eleven, it was raining, and nobody had thought to tell me not to. By the time my mother found me, the kitchen table was strewn with tiny brass wheels and springs whose purpose I could only guess at, and the clock, needless to say, never worked again. I was not even punished, which somehow made it worse.

(1) ______

The class was taught by a former watchmaker named Gerald, who had spent forty years at the bench and had the steadiest hands I have ever seen. He was a man of few words, most of them dry, and he regarded the expensive tool kits some of us had bought in advance with undisguised amusement. On the first evening he handed each of us a cheap alarm clock and a set of screwdrivers and told us to take it to pieces. The only rule was that we had to be able to put it back together.

(2) ______

That attitude characterised everything he taught. Gerald had little interest in whether we got things right first time; mistakes, to his mind, were simply information that had not yet been interpreted. What mattered to him was that we understood why something had gone wrong, since in his view a repairer who could not diagnose a fault was merely lucky when he fixed one.

(3) ______

Resisting that temptation did not come naturally to me. In my day job, speed was everything, and a decision made quickly was generally reckoned to be better than one made well. Unlearning a habit of mind that had served me for two decades proved far harder than mastering any technique, and it took me the best part of a year to accept that at the workbench the opposite was true.

(4) ______

It was ready in four months. Every time I thought I had tracked down the problem, another lay concealed behind it, like a set of nested boxes. At one stage I seriously considered admitting defeat and handing it back with an apology. What stopped me was the thought of Gerald's face if I told him I had given up without knowing why.

(5) ______

Moments like that are, I suspect, the real reason why people take up this kind of work. The technical satisfaction is considerable, but it is the stories attached to the objects that stay with you. A clock is rarely just a clock to the person who brings it in; more often it is a grandparent's wedding present, or the sound a childhood home made at night.

(6) ______

Gerald retired last year, and at his farewell party he gave each of his former students a small present. Mine was a cheap alarm clock, still in its box. Attached to it was a note in his careful handwriting: 'In case you ever forget what you don't know.'

Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits gap 5. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

  1. A. Diagnosis, I soon discovered, is largely a matter of patience. An old clock may stop for a dozen different reasons: a worn pivot, a bent tooth, oil that has dried into something resembling glue. Finding the culprit can take hours of peering through a magnifying glass, and the temptation to guess is almost overwhelming.
  2. B. I still work in insurance, though I have cut my hours to four days a week so that I can spend Fridays at the bench. I have no plans to turn my hobby into a business; the moment it became a matter of deadlines and invoices, I suspect it would lose much of its charm.
  3. C. It was nearly thirty years before I attempted anything similar. By then I had a steady job in insurance, two children and a vague sense that I spent my days producing nothing anyone could hold in their hands. When I saw an evening class in clock repair advertised at the local college, I signed up on impulse.
  4. D. Within a couple of months I was confidently taking on repairs for friends and colleagues, most of which went without a hitch. I began to wonder why I had ever found the work so daunting, and even toyed with the idea of charging a modest fee once word of my skills had spread a little further.
  5. E. When the clock finally began to tick, steadily and without complaint, I sat and listened to it for the best part of an hour. My neighbour, when she collected it, cried a little. Her father, she told me, had wound it every Sunday evening for as long as she could remember.
  6. F. Most of us could not. I managed to reassemble mine, but it ran backwards for reasons that nobody, Gerald included, could explain. He seemed delighted. 'Now you know more than you did an hour ago,' he said. 'That is the whole point.'
  7. G. The turning point came with a mantel clock that a neighbour had found in her late father's attic. It had not run for decades, and she was keen to have it working again before a family gathering at Christmas. I promised it would be ready in a fortnight.
Ver respuesta y explicación

Respuesta correcta: E. When the clock finally began to tick, steadily and without complaint, I sat and listened to it for the best part of an hour. My neighbour, when she collected it, cried a little. Her father, she told me, had wound it every Sunday evening for as long as she could remember.

Explicación

E: the clock finally ticking resolves the four-month struggle, and the neighbour's tears about her father are the 'Moments like that' referred to next.

Pregunta 2

Dificultad media≈ 3 min

Part 7 · The puzzle of the yawn

You are going to read an article about scientific research into yawning.

Few human behaviours are as universal, or as poorly understood, as the yawn. We do it when we are tired, when we are bored and – most mysteriously – when we see someone else doing it. Even a brief yawn involves a surprisingly elaborate sequence: the jaw drops, the eardrums stretch, the heart rate rises slightly and the eyes often water. Babies yawn before they are born. So do dogs and, according to some reports, snakes and fish. Yet for all its familiarity, scientists are still arguing about what a yawn is actually for.

(1) ______

When researchers asked volunteers to breathe air with raised levels of carbon dioxide, or even pure oxygen, the frequency of their yawns did not change. Nor did vigorous exercise, which leaves the body genuinely short of oxygen, produce the flurry of yawning that the theory would predict. Whatever triggers a yawn, it does not appear to be a shortage of oxygen.

(2) ______

Supporters of this theory point to studies showing that people yawn less often when they hold a cold pack to their forehead, and more often as the weather warms up, but only up to a point. Once the outside air becomes hotter than the body itself, yawning drops off again – which is exactly what the theory would predict, since breathing in hot air would no longer help.

(3) ______

The cooling theory also has little to say about the most intriguing feature of yawning: its contagiousness. Simply reading about yawns is enough to set many people off, and there is a fair chance that you have done so at least once since starting this article. Contagion of this kind has been convincingly documented in only a handful of other species, chimpanzees among them.

(4) ______

Such findings led some researchers to suggest that contagious yawning is a form of unconscious social bonding – a way of keeping a group's level of alertness in step. If one member of a group becomes drowsy, the thinking goes, it may be useful for the others to become aware of it too, much as a shift in posture or tone of voice can spread through a room without anyone remarking on it.

(5) ______

None of this rules out a social function, but it suggests that the link with empathy may be weaker than was once assumed. If susceptibility declines with age, that may reflect changes in attention or alertness rather than any loss of fellow feeling. As so often in science, a tidy explanation has given way to a more complicated one.

(6) ______

That may be unsatisfying to anyone hoping for a simple answer. But it would not be the first time that an apparently trivial behaviour turned out to be doing several jobs at once. And if you have made it to the end of this article without yawning, you are in a minority.

Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits gap 1. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

  1. A. It is an appealing idea, but a large study published some years ago complicated the picture considerably. After testing hundreds of volunteers, the researchers found that scores on standard measures of empathy predicted very little about how readily a person caught yawns. Age was a better predictor: on the whole, the older the participants, the less susceptible they were.
  2. B. One alternative that has attracted growing support is that yawning helps to cool the brain. The deep intake of air, combined with the stretching of the jaw, increases blood flow to the head and may carry away excess heat, rather as a radiator does in a car.
  3. C. Dogs, for instance, yawn readily when they are anxious, and some trainers treat a yawn as a reliable sign that an animal is uncomfortable. Whether this tells us anything about human yawning is debatable, but it does suggest that, in some species at least, a yawn can be less a reflex than a message.
  4. D. Perhaps the most sensible conclusion is that a yawn does not have a single purpose. It may cool the brain, signal a change in alertness and help to coordinate a group all at once, with different functions mattering more in different species and situations.
  5. E. The explanation many of us learnt at school is that yawning draws extra oxygen into the body when levels in the blood are running low. It is a neat idea, and it has the advantage of sounding scientific. Unfortunately, it does not survive contact with the evidence.
  6. F. This phenomenon has been studied intensively, partly because it seems to be linked to our ability to understand other people. We are more likely to catch a yawn from a family member than from a stranger, and young children do not usually begin to yawn contagiously until around the age at which they start to show other signs of empathy.
  7. G. Not everyone is persuaded. Critics note that the effects in these studies are often small, and that the brain has other, more efficient ways of regulating its temperature. Even if yawning does have some cooling effect, they argue, that may be a side effect rather than its main purpose.
Ver respuesta y explicación

Respuesta correcta: E. The explanation many of us learnt at school is that yawning draws extra oxygen into the body when levels in the blood are running low. It is a neat idea, and it has the advantage of sounding scientific. Unfortunately, it does not survive contact with the evidence.

Explicación

E introduces the oxygen explanation and says it 'does not survive contact with the evidence'; the next paragraph gives that evidence (carbon dioxide, pure oxygen, exercise). C, the extra paragraph, is tempting because the introduction mentions dogs, but it says nothing about oxygen, so the next paragraph would not follow.

Pregunta 3

Dificultad difícil≈ 3 min

Part 7 · Listening to the ice

You are going to read an article about a scientist who records the sounds made by glaciers.

The first time Erik Halvorsen lowered a microphone into the sea beside a glacier, he was not expecting to hear very much. Glaciers, in the popular imagination, are silent places: vast, slow and still. What came through his headphones instead was a bewildering racket of cracks and groans over a constant fizzing, like a glass of soda water held to the ear. 'I remember laughing out loud,' he says. 'It was the least silent place I had ever been.' Twenty years later, the Norwegian acoustician still keeps that first recording on his laptop and plays it to every new student who joins his group.

(1) ______

It was this discovery that turned what had begun as a hobby into a research programme. If the hiss was produced by melting, Halvorsen reasoned, then its volume might reveal how quickly a glacier was losing ice – something that is notoriously hard to measure by other means. Existing estimates, he knew, could differ by a factor of two or more for the same glacier in the same year.

(2) ______

A hydrophone, by contrast, can be left on the seabed several kilometres away. Sound travels well through water, and the instrument picks up the noise of the ice front without anyone having to go near it. The equipment is cheap, too, at least by the standards of polar research: a single hydrophone and its battery cost less than a day's hire of a research vessel, and it can record continuously for months.

(3) ______

That effort is now beginning to pay off. By comparing his recordings with direct measurements taken during rare spells of calm weather, Halvorsen has shown that the intensity of the hiss rises and falls with the rate of melting. On warm days in late summer, the fjord is almost twice as loud as it is in spring, and the change can be heard within hours of a rise in water temperature.

(4) ______

Halvorsen accepts the point. This summer, he and his team will install hydrophones beside four more glaciers, in Greenland, Alaska and Patagonia, to find out whether the same pattern appears elsewhere. If it does, the method could eventually provide a continuous, low-cost record of melting at sites around the world, including remote places that no research ship visits.

(5) ______

'People have seen pictures of melting glaciers so often that they have stopped noticing them,' he says. 'But sound gets past your defences. You can look away from a photograph. It's much harder to ignore something that's roaring in your ears.'

(6) ______

That, in the end, is why he keeps going back. 'In a sense, I'm recording a disappearance,' he says. 'The least I can do is make sure people hear it.'

Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits gap 4. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

  1. A. Other researchers are cautiously impressed. 'It's an elegant idea,' says one oceanographer who has followed the work closely. 'The question is whether the relationship he has found holds for every glacier, or only for the one he happens to be studying.' Glaciers differ enormously in shape, in the temperature of the water around them and in the age of their ice, all of which could affect the sound they make.
  2. B. That fizzing, he later learnt, is the sound of air escaping from the ice. As snow is compressed into glacial ice over hundreds of years, tiny bubbles of ancient air are trapped inside it. When the ice meets the sea and begins to melt, the bubbles burst, each one releasing a minute pop. Multiplied by billions, those pops produce the hiss he had heard on that first day.
  3. C. Whales, it turns out, are not the only animals that could be affected. Seals that rest on floating ice rely on their hearing to detect predators, and some biologists fear that the growing noise from melting glaciers might make this more difficult. Halvorsen is sceptical, pointing out that the sound of ice has always been part of their environment and that seals appear to have adapted to it remarkably well.
  4. D. It is a strange kind of music, and not one he takes any pleasure in hearing grow louder. Each autumn, as he listens back to the season's recordings, he can hear the ice speaking a little more urgently than it did the year before. Colleagues sometimes ask him whether the work has become depressing. He admits that it has, a little, but says that turning away would be worse.
  5. E. Satellites can track changes in the height of a glacier, and instruments drilled into the ice can record its temperature. But the point where a glacier meets the ocean, where much of the melting takes place, is extremely dangerous to approach. Huge blocks of ice can break away without warning, and boats that venture too close risk being overturned by the waves they create.
  6. F. For all the scientific promise, though, it is the sounds themselves that seem to fascinate him most. He has played his recordings in schools and concert halls, and once to a meeting of government officials, who sat in what he describes as stunned silence as the hiss and thunder of a collapsing ice front filled the room.
  7. G. Not that the work is straightforward. Early recordings were swamped by the noise of passing ships, the clicking of shrimp and, on one memorable occasion, the songs of a group of humpback whales that lingered in the fjord for several days. Separating the sound of melting from everything else took years of painstaking analysis, much of it done in the evenings after his teaching duties.
Ver respuesta y explicación

Respuesta correcta: A. Other researchers are cautiously impressed. 'It's an elegant idea,' says one oceanographer who has followed the work closely. 'The question is whether the relationship he has found holds for every glacier, or only for the one he happens to be studying.' Glaciers differ enormously in shape, in the temperature of the water around them and in the age of their ice, all of which could affect the sound they make.

Explicación

A gives other scientists' reservation – does the pattern hold 'for every glacier'? – which is 'the point' Halvorsen accepts next, by testing four more glaciers. C (the extra paragraph) is tempting after a paragraph about louder fjords, but it ends with Halvorsen being 'sceptical', so 'Halvorsen accepts the point' would not follow.

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